Where is castile and aragon

Spain political map with colored administrative divisions. Earliest representation of the Americas. The nation marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon to Isabellaof Castile and Leon joined the three Christiankingdoms into one, and after , when theMoors were defeated and Granada annexed tothe realm of Ferdinand and Isabella, Spainbecame one kingdom. About this time, also,there had grown up a strong kingdom of Hun-gary, a kingdom of Portugal, a kingdom ofPoland, and one of Denmark.

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Cisneros , Spanish cardinal and statesman, visits the construction of the Hospital of the Charity. It was a slow and haphazard process, but gradually around the fortifications grew small, mostly self-governing municipalities with their own grants or charters fueros. These municipalities were peopled by hardy, adventurous individuals whose character was molded by the constant threat of Muslim attacks. He was born ca. In , he appears in documents as Count of Lara and in as Count of Castile.

This attitude deprived the economy of needed investments and engendered stagnation rather than growth. Feudalism, which bound nobles to the king-counts both economically and socially, as tenants to landlords, had been introduced into Aragon and Catalonia from France. It produced a more clearly stratified social structure than that found in Castile, and consequently it generated greater tension among classes. Castilian society was less competitive, more cohesive, and more egalitarian.

Castile attempted to compensate through political means, however, for the binding feudal arrangements between crown and nobility that it lacked. The guiding theory behind the Castilian monarchy was that political centralism could be won at the expense of local fueros , but the kings of Castile never succeeded in creating a unitary state. Aragon- Catalonia accepted and developed--not without conflict--the federal principle, and it made no concerted attempt to establish a political union of the Spanish and Italian principalities outside of their personal union under the Aragonese crown.

The principal regions of Spain were divided not only by conflicting local loyalties, but also by their political, economic, and social orientations. Catalonia particularly stood apart from the rest of the country.

Both Castile and Aragon suffered from political instability in the fourteenth and the fifteenth centuries. The House of Trastamara acquired the Castilian throne in and created a new aristocracy to which it granted significant authority.

Court favorites, or validos sing. Important government offices, formerly held by members of the professional class of civil servants who had urban, and frequently Jewish, backgrounds, came into the possession of aristocratic families who eventually held them by hereditary right. The social disruption and the decay of institutions common to much of Europe in the late Middle Ages also affected Aragon, where another branch of the Trastamaras succeeded to the throne in For long periods, the overextended Aragonese kings resided in Naples, leaving their Spanish realms with weak, vulnerable governments.

Dispensed by the pope from his vows , he married Agnes of Poitiers , and when the birth of a daughter, whom he married to Raymond Berengar IV, Count of Barcelona, assured the succession, he returned to his cloister. Thus a permanent union was effected between Aragon and Catalonia. Jaime the Conqueror El Conquistador successfully terminated the conquest of Valencia and Majorca , and aided Alfonso X of Castile to reconquer Murcia, thus accomplishing the reconquest of the western part of the Peninsula.

John I and Martin dying without heirs, the Conpromiso de Caspe a commission of nine members, three from the Cortes of each province was assembled and gave the crown of Aragon to Ferdinand of Antequera, Infante of Castile.

Alfonso V, his son and successor, renewed the wars in Italy. As the adopted son of Joanna of Naples , he laid claim to the throne of Naples , and obtained possession of it John II disturbed the peace of his reign by the unjust persecution of his son the Prince of Viana, and at his death was succeeded by Ferdinand the Catholic , who by his marriage to Isabella the Catholic definitively united the Kingdoms of Castile and Aragon. The two great warriors, St.

Jaime helped Alfonso X in the conquest of Murcia, which remained to Castile. The linguistic unity of Castile and Aragon is a very notable fact because although Aragon and Catalonia, united since the twelfth century , possess two very different languages, Castile and Aragon, although they had an entirely independent historical development until the sixteenth century, have the same language with the exception of some minor dialectical differences.

In the War of Succession it sided with the Archduke Charles, and the victory of Philip V served still more to increase its dependence. Civil and ecclesiastical divisions It is difficult, on account of the different epochs in which they were formed and the different principles which governed them, to give an exact idea of the relations between the civil and ecclesiastical divisions of Castile and Aragon.

Education For university and secondary instruction the four districts are: Old Castile, with the University of Valladolid and four centres of secondary education at Valladolid , Burgos , Palencia , and Santander; New Castile, with the University of Madrid , and centres of secondary instruction at Madrid S.

Ecclesiastical This is in many respects not in conformity with the civil, and still subject to the changes made by the Concordat of , which suppressed some sees and transferred others.

There are also numerous colleges under the direction of the Society of Jesus , the Piarists , the Marists , the Brothers of the Christian Schools , and the Salesians.

The statistics of these independent schools have never been published. Charitable institutions Although charitable work is carried on extensively throughout Spain , especially by the religious orders, both of men and women , which devote themselves exclusively to such work, it is difficult to give exact figures, as some are under government control, while others are purely religious, and the statistics are very incomplete.

Thus, official statistics, which place the total number of institutions at , give to Saragossa only two charitable institutions , whereas the "Anuario Eclesiastico" makes the number twenty-eight. Paris, , for bibliography of Aragon, and for that of Castile.